使用振幅、頻率與相位嵌入的資訊隱藏技術比較研究
作者：陳文淵
畢業學校：國立成功大學
出版單位：國立成功大學
核准日期：2003-06-17
類型：
權限：Copyright information available at source archive--National Cheng Kung University....
中文摘要
浮水印技術是網路多媒體的版權保護與認證(copyright protection and authentication)的一種有效方法。浮水印的處理可看成是一種通信過程，加入浮水印的動作就像通信通道加入雜訊一樣；加入浮水印後的影像(watermarked image)遭受破壞攻擊(attacks)，就像通信通道遭受到干擾一樣。在本論文中，我們提出頻率嵌入(frequency embedding)及相位嵌入(phase embedding)兩種架構。在頻率嵌入架構上，每一個秘密位元被嵌入至數位餘弦轉換區塊(DCT block)中的兩個係數。這種方式可類比成數位通信技術上的頻率鍵移調制(FSK)而與振幅鍵移調制(ASK)有別。本論文採用高變異數區塊選擇(HVBS)的策略來增強浮水印技術的強健性(robustness)，由於高變異數區塊選擇會產生同步問題，因此一種稱為雙態限制(two state constraint)的技術被用來解決同步問題。為了證明本架構的效用，我們在多種不同條件下進行模擬測試。測試的結果顯示，不論在接受JPEG的壓縮破壞或是一般的破壞，如旋轉(rotating)、放大縮小(resizing) 、局部挖除(cropping) 、塗抹(patting) 、加雜訊(noising) 、或者是模糊化處理(blurring)，我們的浮水印都能清楚的取回。在有高變異數區塊選擇(WHVBS)與無高變異數區塊選擇(WOHVBS)的比較方面，實驗數據顯示有高變異數區塊選擇加上雙態限制的架構有更好的強健性且不會降低不可感知度(imperceptibility)，這種效果對於粗糙的影像比平滑的影像更為強烈。在使用ASK嵌入與FSK嵌入的效果比較上，結果顯示，在接受JPEG破壞上FSK稍微優於ASK，而一般的破壞測試上ASK與FSK相差不多，但是在模糊破壞上，ASK嵌入的浮水印被摧毀而FSK嵌入則仍能清楚辨識。
在相位嵌入架構中(phase embedding)，振幅提昇(amplitude boost,AB)和低振幅區塊選擇(low amplitude block selection,LABS) 被用來同時達到浮水印技術的強健性及不可感知性。其中振幅提昇技術是用來增強浮水印技術的強健性，低振幅區塊選擇則改良浮水印技術的不可感知性。為了證明本架構的有效性，壓縮破壞測試與一般破壞測試都被用來模擬驗證。實驗結果顯示使用振幅提昇與低振幅區塊選擇的架構，不論在強健性與不可感知性方面都優於沒有使用振幅提昇與低振幅區塊選擇的架構。這兩種技術使用在相位嵌入的浮水印隱藏技術上，對於平滑影像的浮水印隱藏，效果更加彰顯。
藏密(Steganography)和版權保護(copyright protection)在網際網路上是密不可分的。本論文提出一種公開鑰匙密碼(public-key)結合影像隱藏技術的架構，提供在網路上一種安全資訊交換的工具。在架構上,首先利用一種四分樹分解向量量化編碼(quadtree partition vector quantization coding,QPVQ)將秘密影像轉換成位元資料流，然後將其嵌入至封面影像(cover image)的DCT係數中。在秘密位元嵌入的過程中，一種適應性量化與適當的DCT係數選擇被用來改善封面影像的不可感知性。另一方面,Rivest，Shamir and Adleman(RSA)的公開鑰匙(public-key)加密解密的機制用來完成在網際網路上的秘密通信。我們的系統架構擁有兩項優點，一是由RSA技術的使用使得在網際網路上送收資料既方便又安全。另一是被藏密的封面影像可以經由JPEG壓縮而不會有品質下降的感覺。
英文摘要
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ABSTRACT I
FIGURE CAPTIONS IX
TABLE CAPTIONS XII
CHAPTER
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Purposes of Secure Communication 1
1.2 Applications of Secure Communication 2
1.2.1 Military Purpose 2
1.2.2 Commercial Purpose 3
1.2.3 Personal Privacy 4
1.3 Organization of This Thesis 5
2 Information Hiding Classification 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Steganography 7
2.2.1 Linguistic Steganography 8
2.2.2 Technical Steganography 9
2.3 Copyright Protection 10
2.3.1 Fingerprinting 11
2.3.2 Invisible Robust Watermarking 11
2.3.3 Visible Robust Watermarking 12
2.4 Fragile Watermarking 14
3 Techniques and Applications 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Spatial Domain Approaches 17
3.2.1 Human Visual System 17
3.2.2 Neural Network 19
3.2.3 Histogram 20
3.2.4 Spread Spectrum 21
3.2.5 Cryptographic Techniques 23
3.2.6 VQ Coding 24
3.2.7 Fractal Coding 25
3.3 Transform Domain Approaches 26
3.3.1 DCT 26
3.3.2 DWT 29
3.3.3 DFT 33
3.4 Application Fields 36
3.4.1 Text Documents 36
3.4.2 Binary Images 37
3.4.3 Gray-Scale Images 39
3.4.4 Color Images 40
3.4.5 Video 42
3.4.6 Audio 45
4 Robust Watermarking Schemes Using ASK and FSK 49
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Concealing Algorithm 51
4.2.1 Toral Automorphism 52
4.2.2 Spread Spectrum 53
4.2.3 High Variance Block Selection 54
4.2.4 DCT Coefficient Pair Selection 56
4.2.5 Frequency Shift Keying Modulation 56
4.3 Watermark Detection Algorithm 58
4.3.1 FSK Demodulation 59
4.3.2 Inverse Spread Spectrum 60
4.4 Experimental Results 60
4.4.1 Comparison Between WHVBS and WOHVBS 61
4.4.2 Comparison Between ASK and FSK 68
5 Robust Watermarking Schemes Using PSK 73
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Concealing Algorithm 73
5.2.1 Toral Automorphism 75
5.2.2 Spread Spectrum 75
5.2.3 Low-Amplitude Block Selection 75
5.2.4 Amplitude Boost 77
5.2.5 PSK Embedding 79
5.3 Waterm ark Detection Algorithm 80
5.3.1 PSK Demodulation 81
5.3.2 Inverse Spread Spectrum 82
5.4 Experimental Results 82
5.4.1 Comparison Among the WABLABS, WAB and WOAB Schemes 82
6 Public-Key Image Steganography System Using DCT and QPVQ Coding 89
6.1 Introduction 89
6.2 RSA Public-Key Steganography System 91
6.3 Data Embedding Algorithm 93
6.3.1 Quadtree Partition VQ Encoding 94
6.3.2 Chaotic Mechanism 97
6.3.3 Hamming Error Correction Code 97
6.3.4 Parity Check Embedding 98
6.4 Data Extracting Algorithm 100
6.5 Empirical Test and Security Analysis 101
6.5.1 Empirical Test 101
6.5.2 Security Analysis 104
7 Conclusions 106
